Why the Market Leaders of Western Origin have to be Afraid of Essay

Why the Market Leaders of Western Origin must be Afraid of Newcomers from Emerging Economies - Essay Example America and European nations are as yet attempting to defeat the difficulties brought about by ongoing downturn. A considerable lot of the conspicuous organizations in America, for example, Lehman Brothers and Bank of America fallen numerous different organizations are very nearly annihilation. The case isn't vastly different in Europe too. Huge numbers of the European organizations were procured by the business associations from the rising scene. Prior worldwide riches was gathered in the less populated western world. Nonetheless, because of globalization, worldwide riches is presently moving towards the thickly populated Asian district. As it were, Asian district and some different pieces of the world are advancing quickly though Western nations are debilitating. As indicated by the perspectives on numerous researchers, India and China would be the superpowers which control worldwide issues in not so distant future itself. In American medias, the conversation has just begun about w ho will command the world - India or China-in the coming years. Market pioneers of the western world are stressed over the new circumstances creating. It ought to be noticed that Chinese items are commanding worldwide market at present due to the less expensive costs. Then again items from the created world are attempting to contend with the items from the developing scene, particularly from China. ... Passage and Tata have conceded to long haul participation designs with respect to the flexibly of motors, stampings and different segments to Jaguar Land Rover (Official giving over function held). It ought to be noticed that India was at one time the state of Britain. Two or three decades prior, it was unbelievable for the British individuals to consider a situation in which an Indian organization gaining a British organization. Goodbye bunch did precisely that. Rather than one, they obtained two British organizations in an arrangement. Goodbye is the esteemed automaker in India while Land Rover and panther are notable images for the British. A significant number of the British firms began to feel that if an Indian firm can purchase Jaguar and Land Rover like British firms, their endurance could be in risk. India before and India at present are altogether extraordinary. India attempted to grow appropriately in the past due to the developing populace. China additionally confronted co mparable circumstances previously. Notwithstanding, these nations prevailing with regards to changing over their huge revile (developing populace) in to enormous gift in the ongoing past. Right now these nations are the provider of labor toward the Western nations like America, Britain, Germany, Australia and so forth which are battling to discover enough labor for executing fundamental works in their nations. America organizations are presently redistributing occupations worth billions of dollars to India like combining nations. President Obama is making a decent attempt to prevent the capital outpouring from American soil to developing world. America has just understood the threats related with the redistributing of American employments. It ought to be noticed that American organizations are sparing billions of dollars yearly as a

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 15

Promoting - Essay Example In the food fragment the Marks and Spencer’s organization utilizes the accompanying serious moves with the goal that it taxi have a bit of leeway over its opponents. As a matter of first importance it changes its costs to suit the consumer’s buying force and this empowers the organization to have a brief bit of leeway over the other contention firms. Additionally the organization makes further upgrades in its food items separation and it likewise keeps up great associations with the providers. (Baryon 2006) In the business this is a solid power since the Marks and Spencer’s company’s food industry has solid brand pictures and this makes it exceptionally hard for the new contestants. The underlying capital uses are gigantic and the leaving organizations are accomplishing their economies of scale by being worldwide. Another undermining variable to the potential new contestants is the exchange levies just as the global guidelines whereby they need to substantiate themselves to the remote organizations, clients and furthermore providers. In the food business the substitute food items have a place with different firms in the business. The Marks and Spencer’s nourishments portion is profoundly influenced by the value changes in the substitute food items. Since the more the substitute food items become accessible to the purchasers then the interest of the food items from the Marks and Spencer’s organization become progressively flexible. This further permits the purchasers to have more options in the market. Anyway this is a moderate however frail power in the business since the organizations and furthermore people wish to utilize other less expensive food items. A nearby substitute food item in the business further imperatives the company’s capacity to raise its costs. Then again there is a ton of value rivalry in the business particularly in the food substitutes. A large portion of the shoppers in Marks and Spencer’s nourishments think about the appropriateness just as the nutritive worth

100 Informative Essay Topics to Jumpstart a Writing Process

100 Informative Essay Topics to Jumpstart a Writing Process Writing of informative papers begins with choosing appropriate and easy informative essay topics. By so doing, you will arm yourself with a center of focus around which all your other efforts will center. This article will show you how to do that in the context of understanding what an informative essay is and also 100 selected sample topics that will get you started. What is an informative essay? Writing an informative essay is one of the many assignments that you will need to tackle. But before you sit to generate informative essay topics ideas, you need to understand what an informative essay is. In brief, an informative essay focuses on gathering new and relevant information that adds value to your readers in an interesting way. As long as you can back your paper with credible evidence, you will achieve your goal as an essay writer. How to choose informative essay topics Choosing good informative essay topics is easy if you know how to go about it. The reason is these topics are not too broad or narrow. The best consideration you need to take into account is how relevant and engaging that topic is to your chosen audience. The next important consideration is sticking to your supervisor’s guidelines. If you draw a balance between the two considerations, you will find it easy choosing an informative essay topic. More free time? Better grade? Click on this button nowOrder Now List of informative essay topics 1. How to take care of health in summer 2. How to weave a basket 3. How to write a resume 4. ID theft 5. Impact of media on society 6. Importance of a balanced diet for good health 7. Importance of personal hygiene 8. Importance of recycling of waste materials 9. Importance of vitamins and minerals 10. Interesting cultures 11. Internet dating 12. Key phrases in a foreign language 13. Lesser known Presidents 14. Life in the future 15. Local folklore 16. Measures to keep surroundings clean 17. National Parks 18. Natural disasters 19. Near death experiences 20. Nursing homes 21. Picking a name for your children 22. Places to visit in India 23. Psychological profiling 24. Raising pet snakes 25. Real life vampires 26. Roadside attractions 27. Sales tactics 28. Saving money on your income taxes 29. Schools of painting 30. Serial killers 31. Seven wonders of the world 32. Social evils in underdeveloped countries 33. Spies 34. Sports card collecting 35. The biography of your favorite actor 36. The FBI 37. The history of comic books 38. The history of the Bible 39. The history of your hometown 40. The latest discoveries in astronomy 41. The newspaper business 42. The three branches of US government 43. Things to take along while traveling 44. Treatment for different types of cancers 45. Trends in the stock market More free time? Better grade? Click on this button nowOrder Now 46. Types of cheese 47. Corporate social responsibility 48. Types of tropical fish 49. US territories 50. Ways of preventing air pollution 51. Ways of preventing water pollution 52. Why is education essential for children? 53. World War II heroes 54. Caffeine addiction 55. Domestic violence 56. Poverty 57. Plastic surgery 58. Stress 59. Procrastination 60. Winning the lottery 61. Prostitution 62. Anorexia/Bulimia 63. Illegal immigration 64. Racism 65. Tattoos 66. Tanning 67. Teen Pregnancy 68. Violence on college campuses 69. Homelessness 70. Childhood obesity 71. Prison overcrowding 72. Music censorship 73. Cyber-security 74. College textbook costs 75. Child abuse 76. How names persist throughout history 77. Differences in communication between culture 78. How insomnia is caused 79. The causes of World War II 80. The invention of the Xerox machine 81. How lung cancer is diagnosed 82. Alternative fuels of the future 83. The ethical issues surrounding using fetuses for medical research 84. How stem cells can cure terminal diseases 85. Modern parenting methods 86. How the Cold War was triggered 87. The death of Napoleon 88. How the British lost the American Revolutionary War 89. The impact of Oprah Winfrey on American society 90. How Martin Luther King advanced civil rights for black people 91. The Industrial Revolution in Europe 92. The fall of the British Empire 93. How tsunamis are caused 94. The scramble for Africa 95. Africa’s place in world economy 96. The history of the FIFA world cup 97. Corporate governance 98. Taming staff turnover 99. Occupational safety 100. Religious radicalization Getting the right topics for informative essay writing is one of the most critical stages in the process. You need to get what to write about so you can know how to channel your researching focus and also remain relevant to the needs and expectations of your audience. First, you need to understand what distinguishes informative essays from other types of academic papers. Second, master how to select informative essay topics based on the instructions you have from your supervisors. With all these facts in mind and practice, you can improve your skills in this type of assignment.

War I War Never Changes - 993 Words

War, War Never Changes (A discussion on reinstating the draft) â€Å"War is delightful to those that have no experience of it.† A quote by Desiderius Erasmus, a Dutch humanist and social critic, shows tells that war isn’t always as epic and awesome that most Americans make it out to be. Reinstating the draft might sound like a great way to impose our power on the world furthering the American agenda, as well as enforcing the American ideal of extreme pride in nationalism. The problem is however, that most Americans that want the draft reinstated have no clue about the mountain of problems that it would create. America would be in very dire straits if the draft were necessary. The last time America used the draft was during the Vietnam War and that draft did indeed fit those three requirements. The draft should only be used under three crucial prerequisites. If it does not meet these requirements then the draft should not be reinstated. Those three pretenses are: America is in an extreme confl ict, every U.S citizen able would be entered in the draft and it would need to be a lottery type system. The most important rule, without question, is America would need to be in a major conflict. This conflict would have to be on the global scale. It would involve numerous countries, millions of soldiers, possible nuclear war and endless violent death. With a conflict on this scale there would be no doubt that America would need more soldiers than they currently have. The U.S military mayShow MoreRelatedA Separate Peace By John Knowles1529 Words   |  7 PagesWar is a destructive force whose nature is to destroy all things and change lives forever. It is a whirlpool that sucks everything in and is fueled by hatred and violence. Whether one is directly involved in the battlefield or waiting to see the outcome, war has the capacity to affect all people. It can harden one beyond their years and force them to grow, seeing conflicting sides of good and evil. A Separate Peace by John K nowles narrates the story of young boys growing up with World War II as theRead More Erich Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesErich Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I am young, I am twenty years old; yet I know nothing of life but despair, death, fear, and fatuous superficiality cast over an abyss of sorrow. I see how peoples are set against one another, and in silence, unknowingly, foolishly, obediently, innocently slay one another (263).† Powerful changes result from horrifying experiences. Paul Baumer, the protagonists of Erich Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front utters these words signifyingRead MoreDifference Between Violence And Compassion1404 Words   |  6 Pagesthey never forget even after seeing an act of compassion. In this essay You will learn the difference between violence and compassion and how violence has more of an impact on people than compassion. Some acts of compassion wouldn’t exist without violence . Take Clara Barton for example, if the civil war never happened, she never would have become a hero or started the red cross because she never would have become a nurse in the army and seen the physical and mental effects of war on theRead MoreStar Wars : Episode Iv A New Hope1225 Words   |  5 Pages Pop Culture Milli Loos 9/9/16 The first Star wars movie â€Å"STAR WARS: EPISODE IV A NEW HOPE† was a game changer in the world of movies. According to the National Information Services, LLC â€Å"STAR WARS: EPISODE IV A NEW HOPE† made $1,554,475 just in the opening weekend on May, 25,1977 and made a whopping $786,598,007 according to the worldwide box office ticket registry. Box Office History for Star Wars Movies. Star Wars Franchise Box Office History. Nash Information Services, LLC., n.d. 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What if WWI didn’t exist and the world had never heard of the scores of casualties and millions of dollars in damage? The world would, no doubt, be a much different place. Read MoreMovie Review : Cold Mountain Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesFilm Review: Cold Mountain 1.) In the first assault scene at the beginning of the film, I thought that the north and the south both had strong motives and they were both willing to give it their all in order to preserve and defend their cause. This beginning scene if very heart broken because a lot of men died suddenly from one moment to the next. This makes me reflect on how hard and very divesting the civil war was not just for the women but also for the men who lost their families, wives, homesRead MoreThe Things They Carried by Tim O ´Brien1724 Words   |  7 Pageslike they are a part of the war. He gives an account of the nightmare : â€Å"His entrenching tool like an ax, slashing.† I can imagine an angry lumber jack cutting deep into tree, which in his case represented his emotional feelings for the love he had for Martha. Martha was a young, beautiful girl with whom he was so in love, but Martha only saw Lieutenant Cross as a good friend. When you are trying to understand the emotions of a pe rson is difficult because you are never in their shoes. O’Brien writesRead MoreAll Quiet on the Western Front1172 Words   |  5 PagesH, 4 15 September 2013 AQWF War changes people. There is no escape from it: the changes happen to everybody no matter how hard people try. And Paul Baumer is no different. In All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque, Paul Baumer enlists into the war and is transformed from a young man to a hardened veteran. Throughout the war, Paul Baumer changes in a variety of ways: physically, emotionally, and mentally. One way Paul Baumer changes in the war is through a physical way. WhileRead MoreGhosts of War Essay Moral Compass1330 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å" You guys are living history.† (pg. 6) , said the History teacher. Everyone watched in horror, abnormally silent, Ryan watching, unknowingly to become an American Soldier all due to these attacks. Ryan Smithson’s moral compass had drastically change and has evolved from an average, no future, and punk teenager to an American Soldier, all due to the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States of America. Ryan had first heard of the attacks in daily teenage gossip at school but then witnessed the

Students vs. The System Essay - 1042 Words

Students vs. the System Education has always been a great factor in determining human survival and success. Whether it is learning to live in a harsh environment or learning to manage a company, education is and always will be incredibly significant. Education is so important in modern society that a system of grades has been developed to evaluate students of all ages and levels. In Paul Goodman’s essay â€Å"A Proposal to Abolish Grading† he argues that the grading system that is commonly used in our society is ineffective and should be done away with. This idea is wrong since there are many positive outcomes that result from the current grading system. Goodman opens up his piece by making his claim that grades have take precedence over†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"But if the aim is to discover weakness, what is the point of down-grading and punishing it, and thereby inviting the student to conceal his weakness, by faking and bulling, if not cheating?† (Goodman 208). Why is testing for weakness a bad thing? If a test is returned to a student and it is heavy with errors, it is the student’s responsibility to correct the mistakes for the next test. Once a student has realized this, in Goodman’s eyes, they have become self-aware. â€Å"If the student dares to accept himself as he is, a teacher’s grade is a crude instrument compared with a student’s self-awareness† (Goodman 208). Throughout the essay, there is a feeling that the author relays that all students are looking to only get by in school, but in real life, that is certainly not the case. As a matter of fact, very many students in high schools are very determined to achieve their goals, so they work hard and learn to attain them, rather than taking an easy route to a good grade. Getting high letter grades is a powerful motivation for students who know what they want. For those with competitive spirits, high grades can be used to measure one’s own ranking to the rest of the class. 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Marks And Spencer Plc Commerce Essay Free Essays

string(99) " factor and a low monetary value factor, which is merely possible with high volume gross revenues\." Get downing in UK as a penny shop in 1880s, Michael Marks and Top Spencer started the company we know today as Marks and Spencer plc. Simon Marks, the boy of Michael Marks took over the running of the concern and introduced the nucleus principals of the concern. The nucleus principals, which remained unchanged for most of their history, included the usage of simple monetary value policies, first-class quality of merchandises under the â€Å" St. We will write a custom essay sample on Marks And Spencer Plc Commerce Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Michael † trade name name, promoting and working with the providers straight to guarantee their procedures were modern and of the highest criterions and better the concern in efficiency and besides by organizing close relationships between the employees and the clients. By runing with a centralized distribution system and holding control over the full procedure, enabled to them have the same quality and make consistent shop experiences. This besides meant that the local shops were unable to run into the demands, as the directors were restricted in their powers. The powers seemed to be concentrated to the CEOs, who were besides the chair of the board of members. Sir Richard Greenbury, known for his strong sentiment and about allergic reaction to bad intelligence ran the company from 1988 to 1999. The jobs started in 1998, when the portion monetary values were hit badly, and the company was get bying with lifting costs due to the their trust on expensive providers in Britain ( while it seemed every other rival was outsourcing to Asia ) , increased competition in the market sections they were present and the traditional bureaucratic direction. After his surrender, the new CEO Peter Salsbury did small and lasted merely a twelvemonth, before being succeeded by Luc Vandervelde in 2000. Until his going in 2004, he made important alterations such as a new construct of â€Å" shop in shop † , recognition card fecilities, trueness plans, â€Å" Simple Food † trade name and the â€Å" Per Una † joint venture. However he excessively held the place of both the CEO and the chair. These alterations little consequence in the stock market, and many companies, who were their rivals were seeking to take over the company. Their commands were fought away and besides meant the debut of a new caput, Rose Stuart. Rose, made several more alterations, the most celebrated being the 11-point strategic program based their nucleus values of quality, service, trust and value for money. He made several cuts to halt blowing money, better efficiency and besides doing ascents in the shops. The public presentation was good, and in 2008, Ross officially took over the function of chair ( he was already the CEO ) , and despite being controversial. 2009 proved to be a twelvemonth of slow growing for the company, and this caused relationships between the board and the investors to go rancid. Ross, announced his connotations to step down as the CEO, nevertheless he would retain the place of Chair until 2011. Theory and constructs The instance survey is based around alteration direction and the schemes involved. Every company faces alterations, and must do them to run into the demands of the concern. Many factors can convey about this alteration and influence it. The writers ( Witcher A ; Chau 2010 ) depict one such model as the PESTEL model. It consists of: Political affairs such as the influence from the authorities, Economic factors that are caused due to affairs related to cost incurred, Social factors which are the alterations that are related to the alterations in the society, Technological factors which involve alterations in the engineerings that are invented and proficient alterations made in procedures, Environmental factors which are caused by environmental events or considerations of environmental impact, and in conclusion Legal factors which are alterations in the legal institutes and models. Harmonizing to the writer ( Henry 2008 ) the alteration influences can besides be described by the â€Å" Porter ‘s five forces model † , which can demo the success or failure of a merchandise or service. The five forces are: menace to new entrants, the bargaining power of the purchasers, the bargaining power of the providers, the menace of replacement merchandises and services and in conclusion the strength of the competition among the rivals in the market. These forces can be examined to measure the whether the company will be able to vie in the market, and put its resources. These factors have all influenced M A ; S plc to do alterations. To do these alterations nevertheless a proper direction is required. The company can take many paths to recognize the alterations, and many attacks can be taken to implement the alterations. These are detailed in the subdivisions that follow. Aims of the assignment The aims of the assignment are to: Analyse the strategic paths taken by the company. Identifying the nucleus competences of M A ; S plc. Analyze and discourse the types of alteration direction used in M A ; S plc. II. Beginnings of competitory advantages of M A ; S and routes taken Competitive advantages of M A ; S plc Degree centigrades: UsersuserDesktop ew.PNG Figure: Strategic Clock The archer scheme clock is used to do an analysis of the place of a company with its rivals. From the writers ( Needle 2010 ) and ( Thomson A ; Baden-Fuller 2010 ) we understand that, the â€Å" Strategic Clock † is set against two factors, the â€Å" Perceived Value of the merchandise to the consumer † and the â€Å" Price † . It came from an earlier stiff theoretical account, by Michael Porter, which was seen as deficient. Companies can be analyzed utilizing this theoretical account, falling non merely in a peculiar section, but taking a assorted way. In the clock we can see, the low priced, low added value, which is focal point on supplying basic merchandises and minimal pricing. From at that place, we see the low priced, which is for companies supplying merchandises that are cheaper discrepancies of similar merchandises offered by their rivals. The intercrossed way is taken to set supply both a distinction factor and a low monetary value factor, which is mer ely possible with high volume gross revenues. You read "Marks And Spencer Plc Commerce Essay" in category "Essay examples" The distinction way is for merchandises which are offered merely to supply distinction, and the focussed distinction way allows the company to bear down higher by offering different, advanced and merchandises which are merely available from them. On the other side of the clock we see that hazardous, monopoly pricing and loss of market portion, which are all bad for the company, unless under extreme fortunes where the company has a monopoly over the merchandise. These schemes combine to organize of import factors to see in order for bettering the place of the company in the market. The paths taken by Marks and Spencer are based on the loanblend and distinction of its merchandises to acquire a competitory advantage in the market. These allow the company to be: Loanblend: The Company provides merchandises which are merchandises in a sensible cost, but due to its repute and the long history of attending to inside informations, the company is able to portray a higher sensed value for the merchandise. For this ground they are able to construct a trueness from the clients. Differentiation: In this path the company is supplying the client with a higher sensed value for the merchandises. They increase the borders of the merchandises and have been making so for some clip, basking higher net income borders. This distinction is based on the many factors harmonizing to ( Obitz 2009 ) such as image distinction which allows for the trade name image to distinguish their merchandises in the market utilizing the company ‘s image. Support distinction is where the company provides the clients with convenient and advanced services such as shopping hours, price reductions, shop layout etc. Quality Differentiation is where the company differentiates its merchandises based on the quality. This has been achieved by proper trading which is controlled by the company, the attending to inside informations of the demands of the merchandises and invention. And in conclusion the design distinction where the importance is to maintain it different and advanced in the marke t. Competences The nucleus competences of M A ; S plc can be identified as: The trade name is known for quality. This is one of the chief competences, which provide them with extra value from their rivals. From the early yearss, the company has been able to concentrate and command the quality of the merchandises it sells in the shops, from design, production and distribution. This allows for the merchandises at their shops to be of the highest quality and design. The merchandises of the company are known for their value for money. Although they are more expensive than their rivals, they are able to maintain the monetary values at a degree that is justified by the quality they provide. This can be important when competition with rivals who provide lower cost merchandises. The trade name of the company has been present in the market for a long clip. Therefore it is good known by about everyone. Due to this, they can vie with new trade names that are non so good known in the market, and hence demands to pass more money in advertisement. The company ‘s direction has ever been a closely knit clump. The work civilization at the company, being closely related to the clients can intend that the client service is better. This is of import to supplying the clients with a great shop experience. Other rivals might non be able to supply the same degree of client satisfaction. The company has been spread outing and is present in many states, with many shops. The shops are able to supply entree to many clients. This is an advantage for the company, in contrast with some of their rivals who do n’t hold such a immense planetary range. III. Type of alteration employed by M A ; S Change direction is an of import portion of any organisation. ( Harrington 2006 ) argues that, clients demand betterment and alteration in merchandises invariably, maintaining up to which requires the changeless focal point of any company to guarantee they run into these demands in an effectual and efficient manner. In add-on to this, the gait of alteration is increasing as the population of the universe is increasing. While points out that there are two ways in which alteration can be done. There are different types of alteration. The writer ( Martin 2003 ) point out these alterations as: Incremental Change: This type of alteration is when the company makes alterations as the demand for them rises. The demand comes from the consumers and is met in a uninterrupted manner. To enable this sort of alteration it is of import for the people involved to do accurate Hells about the types and graduated table of the alteration that is required and meets all the demands. Measure Change: This type of alteration effects the full organisation, and involves doing important alterations in one or many countries within the organisation at one spell. The alterations have a Domino consequence, which means that alteration made in one portion normally causes alterations to other parts of the organisation. For illustration, the company can present a wholly new merchandise or service in the market, which would intend a important alteration from its yesteryear. Transformational alteration: This involves the complete alteration of one concern procedure or the full concern as a whole. This is a radical alteration, which means a wholly different set of individuality and process. The alteration is deep and involves everyone in the company. An illustration of this type of alteration is a amalgamation between two companies that provide the same services, to organize a new company ( like in the recent instance of two Bankss in Oman, unifying into one ) . The alterations made in M A ; S have been fundamentally incremental. Throughout their history, they have been doing alterations on a regular footing as the demand presented itself. For illustration, when the demand in the market appeared for betterment in engineering use such as recognition cards, the company made those alterations. Even more, when the company was confronting challenges and concern from the investors, the top direction was changed to let them to run into the demands as a company. In times of alterations in the market, and client demand for better merchandises, the company introduced the trueness card strategies, recognition card strategies and such. It would non be incorrect to state that they have failed to even run into the incremental alteration demands. However, they have besides made some measure alterations. During the term of Philip Green as CEO, the company closed down many shop, acquired Per Una trade name, cancelled many nutrient merchandises, and restricted their direction to do it more efficient. These were important alterations that were introduced to better the company and caused the first growing in gross revenues since two old ages prior. The company has yet to do transformational alterations, and they are right in making so. One of the cardinal competences of the company is its trade name value, which has been a symbol of quality and invention. Changing this would do a important strain to its fiscal stableness and besides do it to be at a disadvantage in the competitory market. IV. Decision M A ; S plc has had to do important alterations in their history. Organizations have to do strategic alterations due to the many factors that can be defined utilizing models such as PESTEL and Porter ‘s five forces. These alterations have to be managed decently to be effectual. As such, companies take waies, as M A ; S did, to supplying their merchandises and being competitory in the market. Furthermore they have made these alterations in an incremental and few in a transformational mode to run into the demands of the consumers. We have been able to analyse and understand strategic alteration direction. Change is necessary for any concern, and of import for any organisation to win. V. Mentions Harrington, HJ 2006, Change Management Excellence: The Art of Excelling in Change Management, Paton Press. Henry, A 2008, Understanding Strategic Management, Oxford University Press. Martin, V 2003, Leading Change in Health and Social Care, 1st edn, Routledge. Needle, D 2010, Business in Context: An Introduction to Business and Its Environment, 5th edn, South Western Educational Publishing. Obitz, C 2009, Supermarket distinction in the UK: A theoretical and empirical probe, Diplomica Verlag. Thomson, N A ; Baden-Fuller, C 2010, Basic Strategy in Context: European text and instances, 1st edn, John Wiley A ; Sons. Witcher, BJ A ; Chau, VS 2010, Strategic Management: Principles and Practice, CL Business Press. How to cite Marks And Spencer Plc Commerce Essay, Essay examples

School Uniforms Yes or No Essay Example

School Uniforms: Yes or No Paper Issues of school safety, student performance and morale have reignited the debate over whether or not school uniforms, like those used for centuries in private schools, should be adopted for use in public schools. Controversy surrounds the question as to whether or not mandatory school uniforms in public schools exert a positive influence over academic performance, the reduction disciplinary enforcement, and positive allegiance to school communities, or whether or not such policies simply incite egregious behavior. â€Å"Few things in life are as clear as adolescents seemingly innate drive to assert their independent judgment of social affairs[] they are prone to express a degree of doubt about the many potential futures they are boundand often compelledto endure.† (Hoge, Foster, Nickell, and Field)In addition to tis controversy, questions loom over the issues of Constitutional freedoms, cultural and ethnic biases, and rights of free-expression. â€Å"School dress codes and m andated school uniforms may seem like godsends to parents who are attempting to negotiate the treacherous shoals of adolescent culture and identity formation[] such policies raise a multitude of issues and problems that call for[] prudent school governance policies.† (Hoge, Foster, Nickell, and Field)OPPOSITION’S VIEWPOINTAdvocates of school uniform generally specific criteria upon which their favorable opinion of school uniforms is based. Though these criteria are seldom reinforced by objective data or demonstrable evidence, the argument for school uniforms appeals to an intuitive sense of order and control and represents the enforcement of a highly visible measure of action. This final point may be the most overlooked and potentially important aspect of school uniforms: that useSchool Uniforms: Yes or No?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page -2-of them demonstrates in a highly visible fashion the intention to restore order and continuity to the educational process and venues in question.  Ã‚   Other supposed benefits of school uniforms adhere to an admirable set of desired school-conditions: â€Å"lowering student victimization, decreasing gang-activity and fights, differentiating strangers from students in school buildings, increasing a supporting and positive attitude toward learning, heightening school-pride and identity and conformity to organizational goals† (LaPointe, Holloman, (Brunsma, and Rockquemore)In addition to the hoped-for benefits of uniforms, proponents of school-uniforms in public schools generally cite specific, important criteria as to what constitutes a school-uniform: â€Å"clothing c an be considered a uniform when it (al) serves as a group emblem, (b) certifies an institutions legitimacy by revealing individuals relative positions, and (c) suppresses individuality.†Ã‚   The specificity in this distinction is intended to serve an administrative function of hierarchy identification and enforcement: â€Å"The presence of uniforms in schools automatically implies a two-tiered hierarchical structurethose who wear uniforms (subordinates) and those who do not wear uniforms (superiors). † (Brunsma, and Rockquemore)PERSONAL POVAs mentioned, most, if not all of the above-mentioned assertions are unsupported by factual evidence, but are the result of prima facie determinations which have a superficial basis. The desire to outwardly control the physical dress of students and give the appearance of Schoolestablished order and conformity presents an interesting, and possibly damaging, distraction form the underlying factors of poverty, drug-abuse, crime, and soc ial distress which give rise to so   Uniforms: Yes or No?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Page -3- much of the destructive behavior and low student performance in public schools.During a controlled experiment conducted with the Long Beach school district provided object research data by which the efficacy of school-uniforms in public schools might be measured. The results of the study indicated, rather than securing the hoped-for conditions and results that advocates of school-uniforms cited as their objective, the implementation of mandatory school-uniforms resulted in negative effects: â€Å"Hypothesi s 1, which stated that student uniforms decrease absenteeism, was not supported by our results.† (Brunsma, and Rockquemore)Other desired results were also unobtained: â€Å"Hypothesis 2, which stated that student uniforms decrease behavior problems, was not supported by the analysis. Hypothesis 4, which reports that student uniforms will increase student achievement, was not supported by the data.†Startingly enough, the impact of school-uniforms seemed to be one of exacerbation of the existing problem issues: â€Å"All four of the original hypotheses[] were not supported. Most striking were the significant negative effects of uniforms on achievement, an outcome of much concern to educators and policy makers.† (Brunsma, and Rockquemore)COMMON GROUNDThough the cited scientific evidence seems to contradict the use of school-uniforms in public schools, the use of school uniforms does demonstrate at least one verifiable good: â€Å"uniforms act as a catalyst for chan ge and provide a highly visible opportunity for additional programs[] Instituting a uniform policy can be viewed as analogous to cleaning and brightly painting a deteriorating building in that on the one hand it grabs our immediate attention.† (Brunsma, and Rockquemore) In this way, the issue of school uniforms as a debate is useful to give exposure to the more essential, more serious issues underlying public school dysfunction. The implementation of school-uniforms may be highly useful in garnering much needed attention and redressing of serious challenges facing the public schools.

Clement Clarke Moore, Author of The Night Before Christmas

Clement Clarke Moore, Author of The Night Before Christmas Clement Clarke Moore was a scholar of ancient languages who is remembered today because of a poem he wrote to amuse his children. His memorable work, widely known as â€Å"The Night Before Christmas† appeared anonymously in newspapers beginning in the early 1820s, titled A Visit From St. Nicholas. Decades would pass before Moore claimed  he had written it. And over the past 150 years there have been hotly disputed claims that Moore did not really write the famous poem. If you accept that Moore was the author, then, along with Washington Irving, he helped to create the character of Santa Claus. In Moore’s poem some of the traits associated with Santa today, such as his use of eight reindeer to pull his sleigh, were established for the very first time. As the poem gained popularity over several decades in the mid-1800s, Moores depiction of Santa Claus became central to how others portrayed the character. The poem has been published countless times and the reciting of it remains a cherished Christmas tradition. Perhaps no one would be more surprised by its enduring popularity than its author, who was, during his lifetime, highly regarded as a very serious professor of difficult subjects. The Writing of A Visit From St. Nicholas According to an account Moore gave to the New York Historical Society when he was in his eighties and presented them with a hand-written manuscript of the poem, he had first written it simply to entertain his children (he was the father of six in 1822). The character of St. Nicholas was, Moore, said, inspired by an overweight New Yorker of Dutch descent who lived in his neighborhood. (Moores family estate became Manhattans present day Chelsea neighborhood.) Moore apparently had no intention of ever publishing the poem. It first appeared in print on December 23, 1823, in the Troy Sentinel, a newspaper in upstate New York. According to published accounts from the late 19th century, a daughter of a minister from Troy had stayed with Moores family a year earlier and heard a recitation of the poem. She was impressed, transcribed it, and passed it along to a friend who edited the newspaper in Troy. The poem began to appear in other newspapers every December, always appearing anonymously. About 20 years after its first publication, in 1844, Moore included it in a book of his own poems. And by that time some newspapers had credited Moore as the author. Moore presented several handwritten copies of the poem to friends and organizations, including the  copy given to the New York Historical Society. The Dispute About Authorship A claim that the poem had been written by Henry Livingston dates to the 1850s, when descendants of Livingston (who had died in 1828) asserted that Moore was wrongfully taking credit for what had become a very popular poem. The Livingston family had no documentary evidence, such as a manuscript or a newspaper clipping, to support the claim. They simply claimed their father had recited to the poem to them as early as 1808. The assertion that Moore hadn’t written the poem was generally not taken seriously. However, Don Foster, a scholar and professor at Vassar College who employs â€Å"linguistic forensics,† had claimed in 2000 that â€Å"A Night Before Christmas† was probably not written by Moore. His conclusion was widely publicized, yet it was also widely disputed. There may never be a definitive answer as to who wrote the poem. But the controversy has captured the public imagination to the extent that in 2013 a mock trial, dubbed The Trial Before Christmas, was held at the  Rensselaer County Courthouse in Troy, New York. Lawyers and scholars presented evidence arguing that either Livingston or Moore had written the poem. The evidence presented by both sides in the argument ranged from the unlikelihood that someone with Moores stern personality would have written the poem to specific notes on language and the meter of the poem (which only matches one other poem written by Moore). The Life and Career of Clement Clarke Moore Again, a reason for speculation about the authorship of the famous poem is simply because Moore was regarded as a very serious scholar. And a cheerful holiday poem about a â€Å"jolly old elf† is like nothing else he had ever written. Moore was born in New York City on July 15, 1779. His father was a scholar and a prominent citizen of New York who served as the rector of Trinity Church and the president of Columbia College. The elder Moore administered the last rites to Alexander Hamilton after he was wounded in his famous duel with Aaron Burr. Young Moore received a very good education as a boy, entered Columbia College at the age of 16, and received a degree in classical literature in 1801. He could speak Italian, French, Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. He was also a competent architect and a talented musician who enjoyed playing the organ and the violin. Deciding to follow an academic career, rather than becoming a clergyman like his father, Moore taught for decades at the Protestant Episcopal Seminary in New York City. He published a number of articles in various newspapers and magazines. He was known to oppose the policies of Thomas Jefferson, and occasionally published articles on political subjects. Moore would also publish poetry on occasion, though none of his published work was anything like â€Å"A Visit From St. Nicholas.† Scholars could argue that the difference in the writing style could mean he didn’t write the poem. Yet it’s also likely that something written simply for the enjoyment of his children would be quite different than a poem published for a general audience. Moore died in Newport, Rhode Island, on July 10, 1863. The New York Times briefly mentioned his death on July 14, 1863 without referring to the famous poem. In the following decades, however, the poem kept being reprinted, and it by the late 19th century newspapers regularly ran stories about him and the poem. According to an article, published in the Washington Evening Star on December 18, 1897, an 1859 edition of the poem published as a small book with drawings by a prominent illustrator, Felix O.C. Darley had made A Visit From St. Nicholas extremely popular just before the Civil War. Of course, since them the poem has been reprinted countless times, and recitations of it are a standard component of Christmas pageants and family gatherings.

Political Conventions Day-by-Day

Political Conventions Day-by-Day The United States presidential nominating conventions are held during the spring or summer of each quadrennial presidential election year by most political parties fielding nominees in the November presidential election. Along with selecting the party’s nominee for president, delegates to the conventions adopt the party’s platform- the party’s principals and goals for its candidates presidential administration. Most delegates to the conventions are selected through the presidential primary elections and caucus process and are pledged to vote for a specific presidential candidate during the nominating process. Other delegates, called â€Å"unpledged delegates† are seated automatically due to their status in the political party and are free to vote for the nominee of their choice. The cities hosting the conventions are selected by the national party organizations based on factors including availability of meeting space, lodging facilities, entertainment opportunities, and economic incentives. As they have grown into major, highly-publicized events drawing intense media coverage, the conventions offer significant economic benefits to the host cities. Although the U.S. presidential nominations have largely been settled during the primary/caucus cycle in recent elections, the national political party conventions continue to be an important part of the American political system. As you watch the conventions, heres whats happening on each of the four days. Day 1: The Keynote Address Coming on the first evening of the convention, the keynote address is the first of many, many speeches to follow. Typically delivered by one of the partys most influential leaders and speakers, the keynote address is designed to rally the delegates and stir their enthusiasm. Almost without exception, the keynote speaker will emphasize the accomplishments of his or her party, while listing and harshly criticizing the shortcomings of the other party and its candidates. Should the party have more than one candidate seriously vying for nomination at the convention, the keynote speaker will conclude by urging all party members to make peace and support the successful candidate in the upcoming campaign. Sometimes, it even works. Day 2: Credentials and Platforms On the conventions second day, the partys Credentials Committee will determine the eligibility of each delegate to be seated and vote for nominees.  Delegates and alternates from each state are typically chosen well before the convention, through the presidential primary and caucus system. The Credential Committee basically confirms the identity of the delegates and their authority to vote at the convention. Day-two of the convention also features the adoption of the partys platform the stance their candidates will take on key domestic and foreign policy issues. Typically, these stances, also called planks, have been decided well before the conventions. The platform of the incumbent party is usually created by sitting president or the White House staff. The opposition party seeks guidance in creating its platform from its leading candidates, as well as from leaders of business and industry, and a wide range of advocacy groups. The partys final platform must be approved by a majority of the delegates in a public roll-call vote. Day 3: The Nomination At last, what we came for, the nomination of candidates. To win the nomination, a candidate must get a majority more than half of the votes of all delegates. When the nominating roll call begins, each states delegate chairman, from Alabama to Wyoming, may either nominate a candidate or yield the floor to another state. A candidates name is officially placed into nomination through a nominating speech, delivered by the state chairman. At least one seconding speech will be delivered for each candidate and the roll call will continue until all candidates have been nominated. At last, the speeches and demonstrations end and the real voting begins. The states vote again in alphabetical order. A delegate from each state will take the microphone and announce something very similar to, Mr. (or Madame) Chairman, the great state of Texas casts all of its XX votes for the next president of the United States, Joe Doaks. The states may also split the votes of their delegations between more than one candidate. The roll call vote continues until one candidate has won the magic majority of the votes and is officially nominated as the partys presidential candidate. Should no single candidate win a majority, there will be more speeches, a lot more politics on the convention floor and more roll calls, until one candidate wins. Due mainly to the influence of the primary/caucus system, neither party has required more than one roll call vote since 1952. Day 4: Picking a Vice Presidential Candidate Just before everybody packs up and heads home, the delegates will confirm the vice presidential candidate named in advance by the presidential candidate. The delegates are not obligated to nominate the presidential candidates choice for vice president, but they always do. Even though the outcome is a foregone conclusion, the convention will go through ​the  same cycle of nominations, speeches, and voting. As the convention closes, the presidential and vice presidential candidates deliver acceptance speeches and the unsuccessful candidates give rousing speeches urging everyone in the party to pull together to support the partys candidates. The lights go out, the delegates go home, and the losers start running for the next election.

Markerting fundamentals Nintendo DSL polar white Essay

Markerting fundamentals Nintendo DSL polar white - Essay Example It has launched in various markets within a short span and hence the political disturbance in any one market will not affect its overall sales. While Sony and Microsoft, its main competitors spent extravagantly on fast chips, graphics, and cutting edge disk technology but Nintendo designers use energy-saving chips and a standard optical disk player to lower product costs (Bremner, 2007). Others in the industry like Atari failed because they did not have high-quality software and games to sell the hardware (Marketing Week, 2006). Video game is a cyclical industry in which new consoles are launched every five or six years. With each cycle the power of the hardware increases with better graphics and more powerful games (The Economist, 2006). Nevertheless, Nintendo felt that industry has reached a crossroad and games are not designed for non-gamers. This undermines the prospects for future growth. With this in mind, the new Nintendo DS was launched making it easier to learn and play. It launched a different color of the product that was unique to each region/country. For instance, in Europe it launched the black version in addition to the white color which it launched initially in Japan. In Australia and North America, they launched online white and renamed it Polar White. The current market leaders being Sony and Microsoft concentrate on 16- to 24-year-old males market, which is core to the gaming industry. Nintendo DS are easier to learn and play and is aimed at the younger, female segment (Marketing Week, 2006). They have very strategically taken this step as they are unable to cope with the market leaders. The games for the core market are becoming dull and similar and hence Nintendo expects to create a market for Nintendo DS with this strategy of segmentation. Since every five or six years new launches take place, Nintendo DS has been launched at a very strategic time because the

Impact of Technology on Individuals and Society Essay

Impact of Technology on Individuals and Society - Essay Example Since human beings apply technology in everyday life, it has led to the emergence of impacts to individuals as well as society. Such impacts have been either positive or negative and have had a significant influence in human life. Therefore, the paper discusses such impacts in detail and thus enlightening society and individuals. With the inventions and innovations of social sites, individuals learn more about different people with relation to culture, practices, and religion of individuals in the environment. For instance, individuals can learn about Chinese culture, Indian culture, or even Japanese cultural practices without having to visit such geographical regions or have face-to-face communication with people from those cultures (Benchmann, Decker, Fiedeler & Krings 2). This knowledge enhances understanding and peaceful coexistence among individuals. The introduction of new and advanced technologies such as telephones, internet, TVs, Radios have ease communication and made it effective irrespective of distance or time barriers. Individuals now efficiently communicate with one another through emails, Facebook, Google+, phone calls, as well as short message services (Hollon 1). Moreover, technology has enabled individuals to share ideas, information, and news very quickly with little effort as compared to the older times. This has made life simple, easier, and enjoyable due to lack of communication stresses. The invention and adoption of technological tools, software and machines such as computers, the internet and search engines like Yahoo and Google have created opportunities for learning (Hollon 1). As compared to the olden days, an individual in the contemporary world finds learning easier and simpler due to the presence of internet search engines. For example, students can now conduct research on any topic by searching for information pertaining to the

This Really Sucks :: essays research papers

C.G.Jung's comment, "The unconscious mind of man sees correctly even when the conscious reason is blind and impotent", is indicative to Margaret Atwood's book The Edible Woman. We see how the unconscious affects a woman mind unknowingly. The mind and body have an inter connection. They work with each other even though the conscious mind may not know it. Atwood's main character, Marian McAlpin, was ordinary. After she graduated college she started her simplistic job. Her relationships with people, friends, and her boyfriend, were purely surface. She began feeling crippled by the mundaneness of her already mapped out life. She feared the thought of being the annoying old lady in the basement. She feared living a married life with children, miserable like Carla. She feared the very thought of the "pension plan" for it symbolized the future. A future she hadn't began to question until she met Duncan. We see a shift of characteristics between Duncan and Marian. Her job is to chew up words to make it easier for people to read and understand and then test these people with her revisions. Duncan, however, treats the test as a psychological evaluation ex amplifying that one should think and question what is simplistic. This is what Marian begins to do. She needed to escape the thoughts that resided in her unconscious mind. She feared being pinned down. We get images of this through out the book. Her thoughts of cannibalism represents her fear of consumption. Destruction. Peter erupts these feelings inside her. His proposal of marriage charged her with such irrational fear that her physical self started to react to her unconscious self. Her inability of eating animals was a major symbol of her not wanted to pin down life. This transgressed to not being able to eat vegetables, because they too seemed life like to her. One can argue that she was only able to eat pasta and beans because they are starchy and stiff. They fill her but do not pose as a threat to her for they aren't needed to live and aren't life like. She begins to act neurotic, like Duncan. We get a glimpse of his unconscious mind with his obsession of ironing things. His unconscious mind needs to straighten out and un-wrinkle. He controls this. He feels comfort in p ressing out the most wrinkled items. Another interesting character in the book is Marian's roommate Ainsley.

Great Divergence primary themes and main arguments by Timothy Noah Essay

Great Divergence: primary themes and main arguments by Timothy Noah Introduction            The most striking change in American society in the past generation roughly since Ronald Reagan was elected President has been the increase in the inequality of income and wealth. Timothy Noah’s â€Å"The Great Divergence: America’s Growing Inequality Crisis and What We Can Do About It†, a good general guide to the subject, tells us that in 1979 members of the much discussed â€Å"one per cent† got nine per cent of all personal income. Now they get a quarter of it. The gains have increased the farther up you go. The top tenth of one per cent get about ten per cent of income, and the top hundredth of one per cent about five per cent. While the Great Recession was felt most severely by those at the bottom, the recovery has hardly benefitted them. In 2010, ninety-three per cent of the year’s gains went to the top one per cent.            Since rich people are poorer in votes than they are in dollars, you’d think that, in an election year, the ninety-nine per cent would look to politics to get back some of what they’ve lost, and that inequality would be a big issue. So far, it hasn’t been. Occupy Wall Street and its companion movements briefly spurred President Obama to become more populist in his rhetoric, but there’s no sign that Occupy is going to turn into the kind of political force that the Tea Party movement has been. There was a period during the Republican primary campaign when Romney rivals like Newt Gingrich tried to take votes from the front-runner by bashing Wall Street and private equity, but that didn’t last long, either. Politics does feel sour and contentious in ways that seem to flow from the country’s economic distress. Yet much of the ambient discontent is directed toward government the government that kept the recession from turning into a depression. Why isn’t politics about what you’d expect it to be about?            Traditionally, class figured less in politics in America than in most other Western countries, supposedly because the United States, though more economically unequal, and rougher in tone, was more socially equal, more diverse, more democratic, and better at giving ordinary people the opportunity to rise. That’s what Alexis de Tocqueville found in the eighteen-thirties, and the argument has had staying power. It has also been wearing thin. During the five decades from 1930 to 1980, economic inequality decreased significantly, without imperiling â€Å"American exceptionalism.† So it’s especially hard to put a good face on the way inequality has soared in the decades since. Even if you think that all a good society requires is according to the debatable conservative mantra equal opportunity for every citizen, you ought to be a little shaken right now. Opportunity is increasingly tied to education, and educational performance is tied to income and wealth, when it comes to social mobility between generations, the United States ranks near the bottom of developed nations.            Noah writes from what might be called a neo-progressive standpoint. Like the original progressives, he seeks to blend an emotional and moral commitment to the causes of the left with the intellectual rigor of the best available economic and social science research. As in the case of the original progressives, the result is a powerful, if sometimes flawed, perspective that is likely to influence the course of American debates on issues of economic policy and justice. Noah’s central contention is that government policy can and should do more to reverse the trend toward greater income inequality that has developed in the United States since 1979. Some of his policy prescriptions, such as substituting carbon taxes and value-added taxes for the deeply regressive payroll tax, could win bipartisan support; others would have to await much larger Democratic majorities than currently exist in Congress. Still, although the analysis in this relatively short and very acc essible book is necessarily incomplete, and some of its contentions are more powerfully stated than convincingly argued, The Great Divergence is an excellent guide to the emerging center-left economic policy consensus likely to inform Democratic Party thinking and policymaking for some time to come.            In â€Å"The Great Divergence,† the journalist Timothy Noah gives us as fair and comprehensive a summary as we are likely to get of what economists have learned about our growing inequality. Noah is concerned about why inequality has widened so markedly over the last three to four decades, what it means for American society and what the country can and, he argues, urgently should do about it. As he makes clear, what has mostly grown is the gap between those at the top and those in the middle. The principal influences on inequality that Noah examines include the failure of America’s schools to keep pace with the step-up in skills that advancing technology demands from our labor force; America’s skewed immigration policy, which inadvertently brings in more unskilled than skilled immigrants and thereby subjects already lower-income workers to greater competition for jobs; rising competition with China, India and other low-wage countries, as changi ng technology enables Americans to buy ever more goods and even services produced overseas; the failure of the federally mandated minimum wage to keep up with inflation; the decline of labor unions, especially among employees of private-sector firms; and what he sees as an anti-worker and anti-poor attitude among American politicians in general and Republicans in particular. Along the way, he enlivens what might otherwise be a dry recounting of research findings with fast-paced historical vignettes featuring colorful characters like the novelist Horatio Alger, the labor leader Walter Reuther and the business lobbyist Bryce Harlow.            What’s to blame, then, for America’s widening inequality? Leaving aside the politicians, Noah reviews economic research supporting the familiar hypotheses. Indeed, each of them is probably part of the explanation. But the goal of research in a policy-oriented inquiry like this one is quantitative establishing just how much of the explanation to assign to separate influences one by one, even if all of them contribute to the story. We want not merely to portion out the blame but to know what to do, and different explanations call for different remedies. It would make little sense, for example, to invest huge sums in reforming K-12 education and reducing the cost of college if the mismatch between graduates’ skills and what the economy requires accounts for only a small part of the problem. By contrast, if my Harvard colleagues Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz are right that education is the core of the issue (Noah draws extensively on their recen t research, especially their aptly titled book â€Å"The Race Between Education and Technology†), then what and how we teach young Americans should be at the top of the agenda.            It is not Noah’s fault that economic research has yet to reach consensus on how much of the blame for inequality to place on which explanation, and it is to his credit that he does not try to portray a consensus that is not there. His summary of what we know from the relevant research is faithful to what the researchers have found. Part of the problem here, which â€Å"The Great Divergence† also accurately conveys, is the tension inherent in concentrating on the American facet of a worldwide phenomenon. As Noah makes clear, inequality is increasing almost everywhere in the industrialized and postindustrial world, even if the increase has been much greater in the United States. We need to know how much weight to give to America-centric explanations like the shortcomings of our schools or our immigration system or the demise of unions. But to understand a global trend, we would like a more universal explanation.            Noah’s own explanation is, in effect, â€Å"all of the above,† and his policy recommendation is therefore to take action on all fronts. His chief concern is the fear that ever widening inequality will undermine our democracy: â€Å"Americans believe fervently in the value of social equality, and social equality is at risk when incomes become too dramatically unequal growing income inequality makes it especially difficult to maintain any spirit of e pluribus unum.† He rightly emphasizes that while the potential for individuals to move up is essential to what makes inequality acceptable, at least to most Americans, economic mobility in the United States is now more limited than it appears to have been in earlier times and contrary to the popular image more limited than in many other countries. (It also matters that in America today incomes are becoming more unequal at the same time that most families’ incomes have been stagnant for more th an a decade after allowing for inflation a point that Noah notes but does not emphasize.)            How much inequality can the Republic stand before the social and political fabric frays? Noah does not answer the question, in part because he doesn’t know, but mostly because he feels he doesn’t need to. â€Å"You’d have to be blind,† he writes, â€Å"not to see that we are headed in the wrong direction, and we’ve been heading that way for too long. The worst thing we could do to the Great Divergence is get used to it.† What economics terms â€Å"the Great Divergence† has until now been treated as little more than a talking point, a club to be wielded in ideological battles. But it may be the most important change in this country during our lifetimes-a sharp, fundamental shift in the character of American society, and not at all for the better.            The income gap has been blamed on everything from computers to immigration, but its causes and consequences call for a patient, non-partisan exploration. In The Great Divergence, Timothy Noah delivers this urgently needed inquiry, ignoring political rhetoric and drawing on the best work of contemporary researchers to peer beyond conventional wisdom. Noah explains not only how the Great Divergence has come about, but why it threatens American democracy-and most important, how we can begin to reverse it.            Fortunately, however, we might comfort ourselves by knowing that the United States remains a land rich in opportunity much as it was in the past, unique among nations in its lack of a rigid class structure and its social mobility. But we’d be deceiving ourselves. In The Great Divergence, Timothy Noah of The New Republic posits that, since 1979, there has been a â€Å"particularly extreme† divergence in income inequality in the United States. Noah synthesizes the work of economists, political scientists, and sociologists to argue that income inequality has increased, and that this is not good for American society. In the book’s final chapter, he advocates specific actions and policies that he believes would help reverse this trend. His suggestions are largely politically progressive proposals, including increasing taxes on the super-rich, bolstering the federal workforce, and breaking up the too-large-to-fail banks. While there are likely some c onservative-libertarian policy wonks that would be amenable to his proposal to break up the large banks, few would likely support Noah’s proposal to revive organized labor.            The author takes the title of the work comes from a phrase used by Paul Krugman, an outspoken advocate for Keynesian stimulus, in his 2007 book, The Conscience of a Liberal. Noah defines the Great Divergence as a socio-economic phenomenon as one not primarily involving the poor. Rather, it â€Å"is about the difference between how people lived during the half century preceding 1979 and how they lived during the three decades after 1979.† The story he tells, however, is not just about income inequality; it is about diminishing access to the top. According to Noah, over the past several decades, opportunities for upward social mobility have not increased.            Unlike some pundits who rehash talking points, Noah commendably cites ample scholarship to support his claim. In The Great Divergence, the reader learns that the United States now offers its citizens less intergenerational economic mobility than northern and western European nations. (I would venture, however, that the United States still allows for greater social mobility for children of first-generation immigrants than do Scandinavian and other western European countries.) Noah also highlights an intriguing sociological finding which indicates that Americans tend to overestimate the degree to which American society fosters upward socio-economic mobility.            Notable within the pages of The Great Divergence then is the fact that Noah challenges Paul Ryan for an October 2011 speech in which the Wisconsin Congressman contrasted what he perceived to be American social mobility with a rigid European welfare state class structure. Ryan, according to Noah, â€Å"had it exactly backward.† In truth, European countries now offer more social mobility than the United States. While Noah penned his study of income inequality prior to Mitt Romney’s choosing Ryan as his running mate, The Great Divergence takes on a more salient political implication in this new found context.            So what caused the Great Divergence? According to Noah, the Great Divergence did not result from prejudice against African-Americans or women. The failure of the American educational system to meet the demand for higher skilled workers is part of the story, as is trade with low-wage nations such as China and the increase of business lobbying in Washington. The decline of organized labor also played a role. Noah also refers to the rise of extremely wealthy (â€Å"stinking rich,† in his parlance) as a â€Å"separate and distinct phenomenon† that can be thought of as â€Å"the Great Divergence, Part 2.† The last several decades have been witness to the emergence of what are, in essence, new social classes within the top 1%, namely the top 0.1% and the top 0.01%. Wall Street, according to Noah, played a substantial role in the emergence of these extremely wealthy individuals. Top income shares are rising faster in the United States than in other de veloped countries.            Overall, Noah may succeed in persuading the reader in that income inequality not only is on the rise and that it is problematic for society. He is less convincing in his policy proposals to remedy the situation. To be fair, he does rightly acknowledge that many of his proposals, many of which are further to the left than President Obama, are not â€Å"politically salable today.† Noah could have bolstered his work, and perhaps the reception to it, had he offered a list of concrete and specific policies that would both reverse income inequality and be palatable to a large slice of the American electorate. The work also suffers from the fact that it is largely a summary of other scholars’ work, much of it very technical; making it less accessible to a general audience that it deserves to be.            In conclusion, one can think of The Great Divergence as a plea to the American public to recognize that income inequality is a problem. It is also to acknowledge that social mobility is no longer operating the way in which it used to. I would contend that the frustration that many Americans feel with Washington in many ways reflects the fact that the system is not producing the same results as it did for people’s parents and grandparents. Income inequality currently is a topic of concern among the country’s economists, political activists, and pundits. Whether it will be a broadly discussed national concern remains to be seen. It would be heartening to see at least one moderator in the upcoming presidential debates ask each of the candidates where they stood on the topic of income inequality. References Noah, Timothy. The great divergence: America’s growing inequality crisis and what we can do about it. New York, NY: Bloomsbury, 2012. Print. Bottom of Form Source document

Recommendation Letters in Signed, Sealed Envelopes

Graduate and undergraduate schools alike often require that prospective students include recommendation letters with their applications. Going a step further, many graduate programs require that the envelope containing the letter be signed and sealed by the writer making the recommendation. While students often ask the people writing these letters to return the recommendations, each in a separate signed and sealed envelope, many also wonder if its too much to ask of their mentors. Is organizing all that paperwork unreasonable? The short answer is no. Signed, sealed envelopes are pretty much required in order to ensure that the contents of such letters remain private.   The Standard for Recommendation Letters For most academic institutions that require recommendation letters, its expected that students will not be privy to their contents. Traditionally, programs require that faculty submit recommendation letters independently of students or only pass them along to students in sealed, signed envelopes. The problem with asking a faculty member to send recommendations directly to an admissions office is the possibility of losing a letter. Should a student choose this route, they should definitely follow up with the admissions office to be sure that all expected letters have arrived. The second option is for faculty members to turn over their letters of recommendation directly to the student, however, as the letters are to be kept confidential, admissions committees require the envelopes be sealed by the faculty member who must then affix his or her signature over the seal (making it obvious if a student has attempted to open the envelope, either to read or alter its contents). Its Fine to Ask for Signed, Sealed Envelopes Many admissions officers often prefer that applications arrive complete, with faculty recommendations in the packet. Most faculty  members are aware of this longstanding official preferred process for applications and do not consider a request for a signed, sealed envelope an imposition. That said, a student can make it easier by preparing an envelope for each program he or she is applying to, and clipping the recommendation form along with any relevant material to the envelope. Electronic Submissions Recently, electronic applications have become increasingly common, which may soon render this whole process obsolete. Instead of the traditional sign, seal, deliver process, a student will complete his or her application online, and then simply send the person writing the recommendation letter an online submission link. Students are notified if and when letters are received and will be able to contact any faculty members whose letters have not been received as expected. Dont Forget to Say Thank You After everything is said and done, the recommendation letter and complete registration packet submitted, its important for students to take the time to thank the person who wrote his or her recommendation letters and helped him or her in the application process.  A thank-you note is generally sufficient, although a small, appropriate token gift—though not required—may nevertheless be appreciated.